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Age boundaries (delinquency)
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Data: Jurisdictional boundaries: Delinquency age boundaries
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States juvenile justice statutes define age limits for the juvenile court to assume original jurisdiction in delinquency matters. Lower, upper and extended age boundaries are encompassed in the term.
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Age boundaries (status offense)
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Data: Status offense issues: Age boundaries
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States juvenile justice statutes define age limits for the juvenile court to assume original jurisdiction in non-criminal behaviors of youth that violate state laws by virtue of a person's status a minor. Lower and upper age boundaries are encompassed in the term.
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Age of criminal responsibility
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Data: Jurisdictional boundaries: Delinquency age boundaries
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A concept based on common law, which set boundaries on when a child could be punished for conduct that would be considered a crime for an adult. Generally, unless state legislatures or supreme court opinions restrict otherwise, when youth are between age seven and 14, there is a “rebuttable presumption” that a child may be criminally responsible, subject to debate. Those below age seven are not criminally responsible for their conduct.
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Agency integration (state)
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Data: Systems integration: Agency integration
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Systems integration, agency integration is a Juvenile Justice GPS term applied to how child welfare and core juvenile justice services are organized within each state and the degree to which they are integrated or separated.
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Basic services (juvenile justice)
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Data: Juvenile justice services: Basic services
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Basic services is a Juvenile Justice GPS term that indicates the level a common core set of juvenile justice intervention services are organized.
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Broad human services agency
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Data: Juvenile justice services: Corrections agency
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The general public welfare agency.
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Collateral consequences
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Data: Juvenile defense: Collateral consequences
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Collateral consequences occur when a finding or adjudication of delinquency occurs and can have lifelong implications that impact personal liberties, guarantees and rights.
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Competency to stand trial
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Data: Juvenile court: Competency to stand trial
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Competency refers to the person’s current state in the courtroom rather than a defense of insanity at the time of the alleged offense.
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Corrections agency
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Data: Juvenile justice services: Corrections agency
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Corrections agency refers to the state executive branch agencies administering commitments to state juvenile correctional facilities.
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Courtroom shackling
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Data: Juvenile court: Courtroom shackling
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Shackles are defined by the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges to include handcuffs, waist chains, ankle restraints, zip ties, or other restraints that are designed to impede movement or control behavior.
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Criminal blended sentencing
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Data: Jurisdictional boundaries: Transfer provisions
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Criminal court can impose juvenile dispositions and/or adult criminal sanctions while retaining jurisdiction. Details »
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Criminal court petition
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Data: Jurisdictional boundaries: Transfer provisions
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When minors can initially face charges in (adult) criminal court. Details »
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Detention
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Data: Juvenile justice services: Basic services
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Pre-disposition custody facilities for youth awaiting juvenile court decisions akin to jails in the adult system. In some states youth are also held in detention centers while awaiting placement in a long term facility or as a sanction as part of their disposition.
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Discretionary waiver
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Data: Jurisdictional boundaries: Transfer provisions
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At a hearing, the Juvenile Court judge makes the decision and/or verifies that criteria are met before waiving its jurisdiction for prosecution in (adult) criminal court. Details »
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Disproportionate representation index (DRI)
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Data: Racial/ethnic fairness: Monitoring methods
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The disproportionate representation index (DRI) method represents the non-white rate of occurrence in the at-risk youth population divided by the white rate in the general population (also see simple rate).
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DMC coordinators (state)
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Data: Racial/ethnic fairness: DMC coordinators
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Racial/ethnic fairness state DMC coordinators is a Juvenile Justice GPS term that organizes information concerning the resource allocation states make for federally required positions supporting the purpose of advancing racial and ethnic fairness in juvenile justice.
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Due process protections
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Data: Juvenile defense: Waiver of counsel
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Notices, appointing counsel, competent to stand trial
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EBP state support
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Data: Juvenile justice services: Evidence-based practices
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In some cases, EBPs are required by state statues and/or state agency policies. Some states have created support centers to provide guidance on the topic as well. Eight states have no official stance on EBPs in juvenile justice.
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Exclusive jurisdiction
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Data: Jurisdictional boundaries: Transfer provisions
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Refers to categories of offenses allegedly committed by minors that must be charged in (adult) criminal court instead of juvenile court. The legislature’s decision is made by setting mandates. Detail.
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Extended age
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Data: Jurisdictional boundaries: Delinquency age boundaries
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The highest age delinquent youth can remain under juvenile court jurisdiction for disposition and provision of services. Details »
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Family/child welfare agency or division
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Data: Juvenile justice services: Corrections agency
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Agencies within a broader social or human services agency or independent children and youth serving agencies that manage both child protection and juvenile corrections.
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Independent juvenile corrections agency
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Data: Juvenile justice services: Corrections agency
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State agencies of equal stature to a state’s adult department of corrections.
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Indian child
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Data: Racial/ethnic fairness: Tribal delinquency jurisdiction
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A person under age 18, unmarried, and either: 1) a member of a federally-recognized tribe; OR 2) the biological child of a tribal member AND eligible for membership. See 25 U.S.C. § 1903 (ICWA definition)
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Indian country
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Data: Racial/ethnic fairness: Tribal delinquency jurisdiction
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Refers to the land of federally recognized Indian reservations, dependent Indian communities within US state and Territory borders, Indian allotments, and rights-of way running through them. See 18 U.S.C. § 1151.
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Juvenile blended sentencing
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Data: Jurisdictional boundaries: Transfer provisions
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Juvenile court can impose juvenile dispositions and/or adult criminal sanctions while retaining jurisdiction. Details »
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Juvenile court petition
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Data: Jurisdictional boundaries: Transfer provisions
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At a hearing, the juvenile court judge makes the decision and/or verifies that criteria are met before waiving its jurisdiction for prosecution in (adult) criminal court. Details »
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Labeling (status offense)
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Data: Status offense issues: Labeling
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Juvenile justice services structure is a Juvenile Justice GPS term that indicates the legal labels applied by state juvenile justice statutes to youth who commit status offenses or non-criminal behaviors referred to juvenile court.
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Layered/regional assessment
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Data: Juvenile justice services: Risk assessment
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States do not achieve statewide implementation with a single tool due to layered probation (state and local) or due to regional differences.
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Locally administered assessment
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Data: Juvenile justice services: Risk assessment
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States lack requirement to implement risk assessment tool allowing local policy to govern the use of risk need assessment tools.
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Lower age
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Data: Jurisdictional boundaries: Delinquency age boundaries
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The lowest age a minor's conduct can be labeled delinquent. Details »
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Mandatory waiver
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Data: Jurisdictional boundaries: Transfer provisions
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Once the juvenile court judge verifies conditions are met, the matter must be transferred to criminal court. Details ».
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Mental health screening
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Data: Juvenile justice services: Evidence-based practices
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States requiring mental health screenings in juvenile detention, probation, and/or correctional settings.
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Monitoring methods (race and ethnicity)
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Data: Racial/ethnic fairness: Monitoring methods
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Racial and ethnic fairness monitoring methods is a Juvenile Justice GPS term for organizing the primary statistical approaches for monitoring overrepresentation of youth of color in the juvenile justice system at a surface or vital signs indicator level.
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National data
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Data: Juvenile defense: National outcomes
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National data is a Juvenile Justice GPS term applied to justice trends derived from national data sets or sources.
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Once/always adult
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Data: Jurisdictional boundaries: Transfer provisions
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The legislature makes the decision based on a minor’s prior history in (adult) criminal court; or mandates are based on a minor’s prior history in (adult) criminal court. Details »
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Populations (race and ethnicity)
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Data: Racial/ethnic fairness: Populations
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Racial and ethnic fairness populations is a Juvenile Justice GPS term for organizing population trends and projections for youth ages 10-17 at risk of juvenile justice system involvement in their life time.
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Presumptive waiver
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Data: Jurisdictional boundaries: Transfer provisions
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Statutes specify conditions appropriate for criminal court, but permit the juvenile (defense) to argue to stay under juvenile court jurisdiction. Details ».
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Probation
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Data: Juvenile justice services: Basic services
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The responsibility for delivering the community supervision activity for youth who receive this disposition from the juvenile court. Probation can encompass many additional responsibilities depending on the state.
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Progressive data (state)
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Data: Juvenile defense: Progressive data
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Progressive data is a Juvenile Justice GPS term applied to topics where states with nuanced or sophisticated online display of data exist.
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Property Crimes
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For arrest data displayed on the GPS website, property crimes includes burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft and arson. For placement data, property crimes includes burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft and arson.
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Prosecutor discretion
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Data: Jurisdictional boundaries: Transfer provisions
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Prosecutors can bring charges in (adult) criminal court as an executive branch decision. Details »
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Public defender
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Data: Juvenile defense: Indigency requirements
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The public defender’s office applies indigency screening.
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Qualifying transfer categories
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Data: Jurisdictional boundaries: Transfer provisions
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Usually defined by minimum age, current offense alleged, aggravated circumstances (use of a deadly weapon or vulnerability of the victim), and/or prior court involvement.
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Reentry
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Data: Juvenile justice services: Basic services
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The responsibility for planning and delivering community supervision and support services to youth who are returning to the community from a state commitment to juvenile corrections.
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Relative rate index (RRI)
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Data: Racial/ethnic fairness: Monitoring methods
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A relative rate index statistic (RRI) is calculated by dividing a non-white group’s rate of occurrence for a specific decision by the white rate at the same decision point.
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Release decision (corrections)
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Data: Juvenile justice services: Corrections agency
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The decision-making processes that result in the release of a youth from state correction institutions.
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Reported data (state)
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Data: Juvenile defense: Reported data
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Reported data is a Juvenile Justice GPS term applied to topics that organize publicly available juvenile justice trend data from state agencies.
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Reverse waiver (remand)
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Data: Jurisdictional boundaries: Transfer provisions
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The criminal court judge can transfer the matter to juvenile court for adjudication and/or disposition. Details »
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Risk instruments
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Data: Juvenile justice services: Evidence-based practices
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Many states require the use of a risk assessment tool through state statute or probation agency policy and provide training on their use, while other states simply recommend the practice. Local policies also support the practice in many states.
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Sentencing
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Data: Jurisdictional boundaries: Transfer provisions
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The sentencing judge can impose juvenile dispositions and/or criminal sanctions. Detail.
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Simple rates
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Data: Racial/ethnic fairness: Monitoring methods
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The simple rate or disproportionate representation index (DRI) method represents the non-white rate of occurrence in the at-risk youth population divided by the white rate in the general population.
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State coordination
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Data: Systems integration: Coordination
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Systems integration, state coordination is a Juvenile Justice GPS term referring to state-level policies intended to coordinate information or data on youth with dual child welfare and juvenile justice experiences as well as services.
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Statewide uniform assessment
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Data: Juvenile justice services: Risk assessment
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States adopt a single risk assessment tool statewide that is required or encouraged by the state or in progress toward this goal with a specific instrument.
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Statutory exclusion
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Data: Jurisdictional boundaries: Transfer provisions
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The legislature sets categories of qualifying offenses and ages that exclude minors from juvenile court jurisdiction. Details »
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Total crimes
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For arrest displays, total crimes are the sum of all FBI index (violent and property) and non-index crimes.
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Transfer discretion
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Data: Jurisdictional boundaries: Transfer discretion
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Transfer to criminal court decisions are organized within the power of the judiciary, prosecutors or state legislatures.
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Transfer pathways
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Data: Jurisdictional boundaries: Transfer provisions
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The primary, statute-defined procedures (often called transfer mechanisms or provisions) for making exceptions to the age boundaries of the juvenile court and juvenile justice system in favor of the criminal court and the criminal justice system.
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Transfer provisions
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Data: Jurisdictional boundaries: Transfer provisions
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Transfer provisions are the procedural mechanisms for transferring youth from juvenile court jurisdiction to the criminal court. There are 6 primary categories of provisions.
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Tribal
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Data: Racial/ethnic fairness: Tribal delinquency jurisdiction
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Refers to 25 U.S.C. § 1903, which defines an “Indian Tribe” as an Indian tribe, band, nation, or other organized group or community of Indians recognized as eligible for the services provided to Indians by the Secretary because of their status as Indians, including any Alaska Native village as defined in 43 U.S.C § 1602(c).
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Upper age
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Data: Jurisdictional boundaries: Delinquency age boundaries
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The highest age a minor's conduct can be labeled delinquent. Details »
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Violent crimes
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For the arrest data displays on the GPS website, violent crimes includes murder, robbery, and aggravated assault. For the placement data, violent crimes includes criminal homicide, violent sexual assault, robbery, and aggravated assault.
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Youthful offender
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Data: Jurisdictional boundaries: Transfer provisions
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Many states have developed youthful offender categories for those tried as adults, but with traditionally juvenile protections such as expunging the criminal record and/or alternatives to mandatory sentences.
